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Mixtures

ashtutorials — Mon, 06 Mar 2023 00:04:59 +0000

In chemistry, a mixture is a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded together. Mixtures can be separated into their individual components using various physical methods, such as filtration, distillation, and chromatography.

Mixtures can be classified into two broad categories: homogeneous mixtures and heterogeneous mixtures.

Homogeneous mixtures have uniform composition throughout, meaning that the individual components are evenly distributed and cannot be visually distinguished. Examples of homogeneous mixtures include solutions like saltwater, sugar water, and air.

Heterogeneous mixtures, on the other hand, have non-uniform composition, meaning that the individual components can be visually distinguished. Examples of heterogeneous mixtures include suspensions like muddy water and heterogeneous solutions like oil and water.

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Atomic Structure

ashtutorials — Sun, 05 Mar 2023 16:52:07 +0000

Structure of Atoms

Atoms consist of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons in shells. The number of subatomic particles in an atom can be calculated from the atom’s atomic number and mass number.

The nuclei of all atoms contain subatomic particles called protons. The nuclei of most atoms also contain neutrons.

The structure of a carbon atom, not drawn to scale

The masses of subatomic particles are very tiny. Instead of writing their actual masses in kilograms, we often use their relative masses. The relative mass of a proton is 1, and a particle with a relative mass smaller than 1 has less mass.

Subatomic particle	Relative mass	Relative charge
Proton	1	+1
Neutron	1	0
Electron	Very small	-1

The mass of an electron is very small compared to a proton or a neutron. Since the nucleus contains protons and neutrons, most of the mass of an atom is concentrated in its nucleus.

Protons and electrons have electrical charges that are equal and opposite.

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Atoms, Elements and Compounds

ashtutorials — Sun, 05 Mar 2023 15:21:35 +0000

Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter and are made up of three subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons have a positive charge, neutrons have no charge, and electrons have a negative charge. Atoms are identified by the number of protons they have in their nucleus, which is called the atomic number.

Elements are substances that are made up of only one type of atom. They are identified by their atomic number and are arranged on the periodic table of elements in order of increasing atomic number. Elements have unique properties, such as their melting point, boiling point, and reactivity.

Compounds are substances that are made up of two or more different elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio. Compounds have unique properties that are different from their component elements, and they can be broken down into their constituent elements through chemical reactions. The elements in a compound are held together by chemical bonds, which can be covalent, ionic, or metallic. Examples of compounds include water (H2O) and sodium chloride (NaCl).

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